名词
名词词组由三个部分构成:限定词 + 修饰词 + 名词
动词
分类:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词
时态:
| 时间\状态 | 一般态(do) | 进行态 (be) | 完成态 (have) | 完成进行态 (have been) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在(do) | do/does | be doing | have/has done | have/has been doing |
| 过去(did) | did | was/were doing | had done | had been doing |
| 将来(will do) | will do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
| 过去将来 (would do) | would do | would be doing | would have done | would have been doing |
语态:
| 时间\被动语态 | 一般态的被动语态 (be done) | 进行态的被动语态 (being done) | 完成态的被动语态 (been done) | 完成进行态的被动语态 (been being done) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | am/is/are done | am/is/are being done | have/has been done | |
| 过去 | was/were done | was/were being done | had been done | |
| 将来 | shall/will be done | shall/will have been done | ||
| 过去将来 | would be done | would have been done |
非谓语:
动名词
动名词兼有动词和名词的特征。它保留了动词的性质,可以跟宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时
态和语态的变化。它还具有名词的性质,在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语等。
不定式
不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有名词、形容词和副词的特性,表达不确定语气,可在句中充当
主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等成分。不定式不能作谓语动词,但仍然保留着动词的特性,其
后可以接宾语,也具有时态和语态的变化。
分词(doing;done)
既保留了动词的用法,又兼具了形容词和副词的功能。所以,可以担当表语、定语、状语以及补语。
形容词和副词
形容词主要用于描写或修饰名词(或代词),在句子中可以作定语、表语、补语成分。
比较级和最高级
大于:more…than…
等于:as…as…
小于:less… than、not so … as 、not as … as
句式结构
长难句=主干+修饰
主干:S、V、O、OC
修饰:定语、状语、同位语(可以认为是省略了从属化连词和系动词的定语从句)
简单句:
- S+V
- S+V+O
- S+V+O+O
- S+V+O+OC
- S+V+P
句子成分与词性的关系
| 句子组成\成分 | 名词(短语) | 形容词(短语) | 副词 | 非谓语动词短语 | 名词性从句 | 介词短语 | 从句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 宾语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 表语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 补语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 定语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 状语 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
复杂修饰成分
- 从句=从属化连词+主干
- 不定式=to do sth.
- 现在分词(主动)和过去分词(被动)
句子的组合
并列句
and; but; or; so; for;
not only…but also…; either…or…; neither…nor…
not… but…; both…and…
连接副词
- therefore, thus (因此)——有连词 so 的意思
- however, nevertheless (然而)——有连词 but 的意思
- moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides (况且/再说/此外)——有连词 and 的意思
- otherwise (否则)——有连词 or 的意思
复合句
从句=从属化连词+主干
名词性从句
形容词性从句(定语从句)
副词性从句(状语从句)
从属化连词
| 名从连词 | 定从连词 | 状从连词 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句:that | 无 what;无 how | 九大状语从句,连词较多,都要认识 |
| 一般疑问句:whether; if (宾从) | that; which; | 如原因状语从句: |
| as if (表从) | who; whom | because; since; as; in that; |
| 特殊疑问句:what; who; whom -ever;where; when; why; how 特殊疑问词都可 | whose(所有格) | now that; considering that; |
| where; when; why; how 特殊疑问词都可 | where; when; why;as | seeing that… |
从句常见连词:wh-; that; whether; because; if…
名词性从句
主语从句
指在主从复合句的主句中充当主语的从句。
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 主语从句+ Vt.(+ 其他) | Where you went yesterday has nothing to do with us.(你昨天去了哪里,与我们无关。) |
| 主语从句+ 系动词+ 表语 | Where the girl lives is still unknown.(女孩住在哪里仍然未知。) |
| It is 名词/形容词/过去分词 + 主语从句(it作形式主语,主语从句后置) | It is still unknown where the girl lives.(目前还不知道这个女孩住在哪里。) |
表语从句
指在主从复合句中位于系动词之后作表语的从句。
| 结构 | 示例 | 注意事项 |
|---|---|---|
| S. + 系动词 + 表语从句 | The question is where the girl lives. The boss scolded him. That was because he came late. | 能接表语从句的系动词主要有:be、seem、look、appear、sound、remain 等,并非所有系动词都可接从句 |
宾语从句
指在主从复合句的主句中充当宾语的从句。
| 结构 | 示例 | 补充说明 |
|---|---|---|
| S. + Vt. + 宾语从句 | I don’t know where the girl lives.(我不知道那个女孩住在哪里。) | 直接在及物动词后接宾语从句 |
| S. + V. + 介词 + 宾语从句 | This is different from what you said.(这和你说的不一样。) | 宾语从句位于介词之后,作介词的宾语 |
| S. + Vt. + O. + 宾语从句 | I tell you where the girl lives.(我告诉你那个女孩住在哪里。) | 及物动词后先接间接宾语(O.),再接宾语从句,属于双宾语结构 |
| S. + be + adj. + 宾语从句 | We are glad that you have come to join us.(我们很高兴你来加入我们。) | 宾语从句位于形容词之后,补充说明形容词所表达的情感或状态 |
| S. + Vt. + it + OC. + 宾语从句 | I find it easy where the girl lives.(我发现这个女孩的居住环境很舒适。) | 适用于believe,consider,feel, find,guess,hear,imagine, know,make,prove,think,understand等动词; it作形式宾语,真正宾语从句后置,OC.为宾语补足语 |
同位语从句
指在主从复合句中充当同位语的从句,用来说明其前面名词的具体内容。
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| S. + Vt. + O.(n.) + 同位语从句 | He has to admit the fact that he is no longer young.(他不得不承认自己已经不再年轻。) |
| S.(n.) + 同位语从句 + V.(+ 其他) | The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(他实验成功的事实让所有人都感到高兴。) |
| S.(n.) + 同位语从句 + 系 V. + P. | The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.(关于我们明天放假的消息是不真实的。) |
定语从句
在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,担任定语功能的从句。
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| S. + Vt. + O.(n.) + 定语从句 | She bought a book that tells stories about ancient Rome.(她买了一本讲述古罗马故事的书。) |
| S.(n.) + 定语从句 + V.(+ 其他) | The student who won the math competition will represent our school.(赢得数学竞赛的那个学生将代表我们学校。) |
| S.(n.) + 定语从句 + 系 V. + P. | The park which we visited last weekend is very beautiful.(我们上周末参观的那个公园非常漂亮。) |
| S.(n.) + 系 V. + P. + 定语从句 | This is the place where the girl lives.(这是女孩住的地方。) |
| S. + Vt. + O.(n.), 非限制性定语从句 | He sent me a letter, which arrived yesterday.(他给我寄了一封信,这封信昨天到了。) |
| [介+ n. + 定语从句], S. + V.(+其他) | [Of all the changes (that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century)], perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(过去的 25 年里,在英文报纸上所发生的所有改变中,影响意义最为深远的改变或许是艺术报道所 覆盖的范围不断地缩小和艺术报道的严肃性不断地减弱。) |
★区分 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 概念不同:that 引导的同位语从句(名词性从句),补充说明前面的名词; that 引导的定语从句(形容词性从句),修饰限定前面的名词。 结构不同:同位语从句中的 that 不作任何成分,只起连接作用; 定语从句中的关系代词 that,充当成分(主语或宾语等)。 例如,The man that lives in that house is my uncle,该句中 that 引导的从句在句中起修饰限定的作用,且 that 在从句中作主语,所以 that lives in that house 为定语从句。再如 The news that I have passed the exam is true,该句中 that 引导的从句在句中起补充说明的作用,且 that 在从句中不作成分,因此 that I have passed the exam 为同位语从句。
状语从句
在主从复合句中表示状语的从句。它可修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。
| 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 状语从句,S. + V. + O. | While his wife was cooking, he was watching TV.(当他的妻子在做饭时,他正在看电视。) |
| S. + V. + O. 状语从句. | She was absent from school the day before yesterday because she had a fever.(她前天因为发烧而缺课。) |
| S. , 状语从句, V. + O. | Sleeping, as time goes by, becomes less of a problem.(随着时间的流逝,睡眠问题变得不那么重要了。) |
| 注意:完整的句子之后非定即状➜ S. + V. + O. +(定语从句. | 状语从句.) |
名词性从句连词的选择
| 名词性从句(主从、宾从、表从、同从) |
|---|
| 从句主干完整…that “无意义” 宾从that可省略 |
| 从句完整…whether/if “是否” |
| 从句缺S./O./P.…what(物)/who(人)/whom(人) |
| 从句缺状语…when/where/how/why |
举例:This is (what) we visit.
This is the place (that/which) we visit.
| 名词性从句连接类型 | 对应从句类型 | 用法特点 |
|---|---|---|
| that | 陈述句 | that在从句中不做成分,也无具体含义;在宾语从句中可省略,其他从句中若不产生歧义也可省略 |
| whether, if | 一般疑问句 | whether, if在从句中不做成分,但表“是否”的意思;在从句中不能省略 |
| 连接副词(when, where, why, how) | 特殊疑问句 | 在从句中作状语;在从句中既作成分,又表具体含义,不能省略 |
| 连接代词(who, whom, what, which, whose) | 特殊疑问句 | who, whom, what, which在从句中作主、宾、表;whose在从句中作定语,后接名词连用;在从句中既作成分,又表具体含义,不能省略 |
练习:名从与定从连词区别
(What) makes this shop different is (that) it offers more personal services.
Women (who) drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those don’t.
| 代词 | 指代特点 | 单复数形式 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| it | 特指之前提到的同一个事物(特指同物,可数名词单数) | 表复数时用they/them | This pen is mine. You can use it. These pens are mine. You can use them. |
| one | 泛指之前提到的同类中的任一个人/物(泛指同类不同物,可数名词单数) | 表复数时用ones | I’ve lost my umbrella. I need to buy one. I have a new pen and some old ones. |
| that | 特指之前提到的同类中的特定事物(特指同类不同物,可数名词单数/不可数名词) | 表复数时用those | The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought. The weather in Lanzhou is cooler than that in Sanya. These pictures are more beautiful than those. |
定语从句连词
| 类别 | 情况说明 | 连词使用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 指物(n) | 从句缺主语(S)、宾语(O)或表语(P)(缺n) | that, which | I read the book that/which is famous. This is the hall that/which/不填 we listen to the report in. |
| 指人(n) | 从句缺主语(S)、宾语(O)或表语(P)(缺n) | that, who, whom | (示例可参考类似结构,如:The man who/that helped me is kind.) |
| 所有格(n’s) | 从句缺定语 | whose | This is the writer whose book is famous. |
| 介+n | 从句缺状语(缺介+n) | where, when, why 或介词+which/whom (as另讲) | This is the hall where/in which we listen to the report. This is the place where I once worked. |
练习:
This is the place that/which I once visited.
This is the place where I once worked.
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句:无指示功能,对先行词无需限定, 两者关系比较松散。先行词的范围没有缩小,只起补充说明作用,去掉后不影响主句的意思,需要用“,”与主句隔开。
例:I have a sister, who is a nurse. (范围不变,只是解释姐姐的职业)
用非限制性定从的原因:
①当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,由于名词所指对象已经很明确,无需限制性定语从句起限定作用,而是用非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用。
例:This is Beijing which is the capital of China. 这是作为中国首都的北京。
This is Beijing , which is the capital of China. 这是北京,中国的首都。
北京是唯一的,不需要限定,只需补充说明
例: I like movies which make me think. 我喜欢能让我思考的电影。
I like movies, which kill time. 我喜欢电影,它能消磨时间。
例:This is the school, where I studied for 3 years. 这就是我学习了三年的学校。(n.唯一)
② 用“,which”时,which 也可以指代前边完整的主句。
例:He gets on well with his classmates. It makes him monitor.
合并句子,指代前边完整的句子:He gets on well with us classmates, which makes him monitor. 他和同学们相处得很好, 这使他成为班长。
状语从句类型
1. 引导时间状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 当…的时候 | while | 在…期间 |
| as | 随着 | since | 自从 |
| before | 在…之前 | after | 在…以后 |
| as soon as | 一…就… | by the time | 到…的时候 |
| until | 直到 | once | 一旦 |
| the moment | 一…就…;≈as soon as;此刻 | the minute | 一…就…;≈as soon as;当… |
| the instant | 一…就…;≈as soon as | immediately | 一…就…;≈as soon as |
| directly | 一…就…;≈as soon as | instantly | 一…就…;≈as soon as |
| no sooner…than | 一…就…;≈as soon as | hardly…when | 刚…就…;≈as soon as |
| the first time | 第一次……的时候 | the next time | 下一次……的时候 |
| the last time | 最后一次……的时候 | any time | 在任何时候 |
| each time | 每当≈when | every time | 每一次 |
2. 引导条件状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| if | 如果 | unless | 除非 |
| in case | 万一;假使 | as long as | 只要 |
| provided/providing that | 假如 | supposing that | 假定 |
| assuming | 假如 | on condition that | 在…条件下≈ if |
3. 引导原因状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | 因为 | since | 由于 |
| as | 因为 | now that | 由于≈since |
| seeing that | 鉴于 | considering that | 鉴于 |
| for the reason that | 因为…的原因 | in that | 因为 |
4. 引导目的状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| in order that | 为了 | so that | 以便 |
| in case | 以防 | for fear that | 以免;生怕 |
| lest | 以免 | - | - |
5. 引导结果状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| so that | 因此 | so/such… that… | 如此…以致于… |
| with the result that… | 因而 | - | - |
6. 引导让步状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| though | 虽然 | although | 尽管 |
| even if/even though | 即使 | as | 尽管 |
| while | 虽然 | whether…or… | 不管…还是… |
| whatever | 无论≈no matter what | however | 不论怎样≈no matter how |
7. 引导比较状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| as/so…as… | 和…一样… | than | 比 |
| the+比较级…,the+比较级… | - | - | - |
8. 引导方式状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| as | 就像 | as if/as though | 就像 |
9. 引导地点状语从句的连词
| 连词 | 含义 | 连词 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| where | (在) …的地方 | wherever | 在任何地方 |
句子简化
一、定语从句的简化
- 条件:关系代词在定语从句中作主语。
- 步骤:
a.将关系代词省略
b.变定语从句的谓语动词:
be+其他 →
be+ 其他 情态动词+do → to do 非 be 也非情态动词+do → doing
名词性从句简化
(一)that 引导的名词性从句的简化
- 主语从句 直接用动名词的复合结构来代替主语从句,放在句首作主语。
- 同位语从句 “名词+that 同位语从句”变成了一个动名词结构“名词+of+动名词的复合结构”。