名词

名词词组由三个部分构成:限定词 + 修饰词 + 名词

动词

分类:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词

时态:

时间\状态一般态(do)进行态
(be)
完成态
(have)
完成进行态
(have been)
现在(do)do/doesbe doinghave/has donehave/has been doing
过去(did)didwas/were doinghad donehad been doing
将来(will do)will dowill be doingwill have donewill have been doing
过去将来
(would do)
would dowould be doingwould have donewould have been doing

语态:

时间\被动语态一般态的被动语态 (be done)进行态的被动语态 (being done)完成态的被动语态 (been done)完成进行态的被动语态 (been being done)
现在am/is/are doneam/is/are being donehave/has been done
过去was/were donewas/were being donehad been done
将来shall/will be doneshall/will have been done
过去将来would be donewould have been done

非谓语:

动名词

动名词兼有动词和名词的特征。它保留了动词的性质,可以跟宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时

态和语态的变化。它还具有名词的性质,在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语等。

不定式

不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,具有名词、形容词和副词的特性,表达不确定语气,可在句中充当

主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等成分。不定式不能作谓语动词,但仍然保留着动词的特性,其

后可以接宾语,也具有时态和语态的变化。

分词(doing;done)

既保留了动词的用法,又兼具了形容词和副词的功能。所以,可以担当表语、定语、状语以及补语。

形容词和副词

形容词主要用于描写或修饰名词(或代词),在句子中可以作定语、表语、补语成分。

比较级和最高级

大于:more…than…

等于:as…as…

小于:less… than、not so … as 、not as … as

句式结构

长难句=主干+修饰

主干:S、V、O、OC

修饰:定语、状语、同位语(可以认为是省略了从属化连词和系动词的定语从句)

简单句:

  1. S+V
  2. S+V+O
  3. S+V+O+O
  4. S+V+O+OC
  5. S+V+P

句子成分与词性的关系

句子组成\成分名词(短语)形容词(短语)副词非谓语动词短语名词性从句介词短语从句
主语111
宾语111
表语111111
补语11111
定语1111
状语1111

复杂修饰成分

  1. 从句=从属化连词+主干
  2. 不定式=to do sth.
  3. 现在分词(主动)和过去分词(被动)

句子的组合

并列句

and; but; or; so; for;

not only…but also…; either…or…; neither…nor…

not… but…; both…and…

连接副词

  1. therefore, thus (因此)——有连词 so 的意思
  2. however, nevertheless (然而)——有连词 but 的意思
  3. moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides (况且/再说/此外)——有连词 and 的意思
  4. otherwise (否则)——有连词 or 的意思

复合句

从句=从属化连词+主干

名词性从句

形容词性从句(定语从句)

副词性从句(状语从句)

从属化连词

名从连词定从连词状从连词
陈述句:that无 what;无 how九大状语从句,连词较多,都要认识
一般疑问句:whether; if (宾从)that; which;如原因状语从句:
as if (表从)who; whombecause; since; as; in that;
特殊疑问句:what; who; whom -ever;where; when; why; how 特殊疑问词都可whose(所有格)now that; considering that;
where; when; why; how
特殊疑问词都可
where; when;
why;as
seeing that…

从句常见连词:wh-; that; whether; because; if…

名词性从句

主语从句

指在主从复合句的主句中充当主语的从句。

结构示例
主语从句+ Vt.(+ 其他)Where you went yesterday has nothing to do with us.(你昨天去了哪里,与我们无关。)
主语从句+ 系动词+ 表语Where the girl lives is still unknown.(女孩住在哪里仍然未知。)
It is 名词/形容词/过去分词 + 主语从句(it作形式主语,主语从句后置)It is still unknown where the girl lives.(目前还不知道这个女孩住在哪里。)
表语从句

指在主从复合句中位于系动词之后作表语的从句。

结构示例注意事项
S. + 系动词 + 表语从句The question is where the girl lives.
The boss scolded him. That was because he came late.
能接表语从句的系动词主要有:be、seem、look、appear、sound、remain 等,并非所有系动词都可接从句
宾语从句

指在主从复合句的主句中充当宾语的从句。

结构示例补充说明
S. + Vt. + 宾语从句I don’t know where the girl lives.(我不知道那个女孩住在哪里。)直接在及物动词后接宾语从句
S. + V. + 介词 + 宾语从句This is different from what you said.(这和你说的不一样。)宾语从句位于介词之后,作介词的宾语
S. + Vt. + O. + 宾语从句I tell you where the girl lives.(我告诉你那个女孩住在哪里。)及物动词后先接间接宾语(O.),再接宾语从句,属于双宾语结构
S. + be + adj. + 宾语从句We are glad that you have come to join us.(我们很高兴你来加入我们。)宾语从句位于形容词之后,补充说明形容词所表达的情感或状态
S. + Vt. + it + OC. + 宾语从句I find it easy where the girl lives.(我发现这个女孩的居住环境很舒适。)适用于believe,consider,feel,
find,guess,hear,imagine,
know,make,prove,think,understand等动词;
it作形式宾语,真正宾语从句后置,OC.为宾语补足语
同位语从句

指在主从复合句中充当同位语的从句,用来说明其前面名词的具体内容。

结构示例
S. + Vt. + O.(n.) + 同位语从句He has to admit the fact that he is no longer young.(他不得不承认自己已经不再年轻。)
S.(n.) + 同位语从句 + V.(+ 其他)The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.(他实验成功的事实让所有人都感到高兴。)
S.(n.) + 同位语从句 + 系 V. + P.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.(关于我们明天放假的消息是不真实的。)

定语从句

在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,担任定语功能的从句。

结构示例
S. + Vt. + O.(n.) + 定语从句She bought a book that tells stories about ancient Rome.(她买了一本讲述古罗马故事的书。)
S.(n.) + 定语从句 + V.(+ 其他)The student who won the math competition will represent our school.(赢得数学竞赛的那个学生将代表我们学校。)
S.(n.) + 定语从句 + 系 V. + P.The park which we visited last weekend is very beautiful.(我们上周末参观的那个公园非常漂亮。)
S.(n.) + 系 V. + P. + 定语从句This is the place where the girl lives.(这是女孩住的地方。)
S. + Vt. + O.(n.), 非限制性定语从句He sent me a letter, which arrived yesterday.(他给我寄了一封信,这封信昨天到了。)
[介+ n. + 定语从句], S. + V.(+其他)[Of all the changes (that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century)], perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(过去的 25 年里,在英文报纸上所发生的所有改变中,影响意义最为深远的改变或许是艺术报道所
覆盖的范围不断地缩小和艺术报道的严肃性不断地减弱。)

★区分 that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 概念不同:that 引导的同位语从句(名词性从句),补充说明前面的名词; that 引导的定语从句(形容词性从句),修饰限定前面的名词。 结构不同:同位语从句中的 that 不作任何成分,只起连接作用; 定语从句中的关系代词 that,充当成分(主语或宾语等)。 例如,The man that lives in that house is my uncle,该句中 that 引导的从句在句中起修饰限定的作用,且 that 在从句中作主语,所以 that lives in that house 为定语从句。再如 The news that I have passed the exam is true,该句中 that 引导的从句在句中起补充说明的作用,且 that 在从句中不作成分,因此 that I have passed the exam 为同位语从句。

状语从句

在主从复合句中表示状语的从句。它可修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词或整个主句。

结构示例
状语从句,S. + V. + O.While his wife was cooking, he was watching TV.(当他的妻子在做饭时,他正在看电视。)
S. + V. + O. 状语从句.She was absent from school the day before yesterday because she had a fever.(她前天因为发烧而缺课。)
S. , 状语从句, V. + O.Sleeping, as time goes by, becomes less of a problem.(随着时间的流逝,睡眠问题变得不那么重要了。)
注意:完整的句子之后非定即状➜ S. + V. + O. +(定语从句.状语从句.)

名词性从句连词的选择

名词性从句(主从、宾从、表从、同从)
从句主干完整…that “无意义”
宾从that可省略
从句完整…whether/if “是否”
从句缺S./O./P.…what(物)/who(人)/whom(人)
从句缺状语…when/where/how/why

举例:This is (what) we visit.

This is the place (that/which) we visit.

名词性从句连接类型对应从句类型用法特点
that陈述句that在从句中不做成分,也无具体含义;在宾语从句中可省略,其他从句中若不产生歧义也可省略
whether, if一般疑问句whether, if在从句中不做成分,但表“是否”的意思;在从句中不能省略
连接副词(when, where, why, how)特殊疑问句在从句中作状语;在从句中既作成分,又表具体含义,不能省略
连接代词(who, whom, what, which, whose)特殊疑问句who, whom, what, which在从句中作主、宾、表;whose在从句中作定语,后接名词连用;在从句中既作成分,又表具体含义,不能省略

练习:名从与定从连词区别

(What)
makes this shop different is (that) it offers more personal services.

Women (who) drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart
disease than those don’t.

代词指代特点单复数形式示例
it特指之前提到的同一个事物(特指同物,可数名词单数)表复数时用they/themThis pen is mine. You can use it.
These pens are mine. You can use them.
one泛指之前提到的同类中的任一个人/物(泛指同类不同物,可数名词单数)表复数时用onesI’ve lost my umbrella. I need to buy one.
I have a new pen and some old ones.
that特指之前提到的同类中的特定事物(特指同类不同物,可数名词单数/不可数名词)表复数时用thoseThe umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.
The weather in Lanzhou is cooler than that in Sanya.
These pictures are more beautiful than those.

定语从句连词

类别情况说明连词使用示例
指物(n)从句缺主语(S)、宾语(O)或表语(P)(缺n)that, whichI read the book that/which is famous.
This is the hall that/which/不填 we listen to the report in.
指人(n)从句缺主语(S)、宾语(O)或表语(P)(缺n)that, who, whom(示例可参考类似结构,如:The man who/that helped me is kind.)
所有格(n’s)从句缺定语whoseThis is the writer whose book is famous.
介+n从句缺状语(缺介+n)where, when, why 或介词+which/whom (as另讲)This is the hall where/in which we listen to the report.
This is the place where I once worked.

练习:

This is the place that/which I once visited.

This is the place where I once worked.

非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句:无指示功能,对先行词无需限定, 两者关系比较松散。先行词的范围没有缩小,只起补充说明作用,去掉后不影响主句的意思,需要用“,”与主句隔开。

例:I have a sister, who is a nurse. (范围不变,只是解释姐姐的职业)

用非限制性定从的原因:

①当先行词是专有名词或由物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,由于名词所指对象已经很明确,无需限制性定语从句起限定作用,而是用非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用。

例:This is Beijing which is the capital of China. 这是作为中国首都的北京。

This is Beijing , which is the capital of China. 这是北京,中国的首都。

北京是唯一的,不需要限定,只需补充说明

例: I like movies which make me think. 我喜欢能让我思考的电影。

I like movies, which kill time. 我喜欢电影,它能消磨时间。

例:This is the school, where I studied for 3 years. 这就是我学习了三年的学校。(n.唯一)

② 用“,which”时,which 也可以指代前边完整的主句。

例:He gets on well with his classmates. It makes him monitor.

合并句子,指代前边完整的句子:He gets on well with us classmates, which makes him monitor. 他和同学们相处得很好, 这使他成为班长。

状语从句类型

1. 引导时间状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
when当…的时候while在…期间
as随着since自从
before在…之前after在…以后
as soon as一…就…by the time到…的时候
until直到once一旦
the moment一…就…;≈as soon as;此刻the minute一…就…;≈as soon as;当…
the instant一…就…;≈as soon asimmediately一…就…;≈as soon as
directly一…就…;≈as soon asinstantly一…就…;≈as soon as
no sooner…than一…就…;≈as soon ashardly…when刚…就…;≈as soon as
the first time第一次……的时候the next time下一次……的时候
the last time最后一次……的时候any time在任何时候
each time每当≈whenevery time每一次
2. 引导条件状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
if如果unless除非
in case万一;假使as long as只要
provided/providing that假如supposing that假定
assuming假如on condition that在…条件下≈ if
3. 引导原因状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
because因为since由于
as因为now that由于≈since
seeing that鉴于considering that鉴于
for the reason that因为…的原因in that因为
4. 引导目的状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
in order that为了so that以便
in case以防for fear that以免;生怕
lest以免--
5. 引导结果状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
so that因此so/such… that…如此…以致于…
with the result that…因而--
6. 引导让步状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
though虽然although尽管
even if/even though即使as尽管
while虽然whether…or…不管…还是…
whatever无论≈no matter whathowever不论怎样≈no matter how
7. 引导比较状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
as/so…as…和…一样…than
the+比较级…,the+比较级…---
8. 引导方式状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
as就像as if/as though就像
9. 引导地点状语从句的连词
连词含义连词含义
where(在) …的地方wherever在任何地方

句子简化

一、定语从句的简化

  1. 条件:关系代词在定语从句中作主语。
  2. 步骤: a.将关系代词省略 b.变定语从句的谓语动词: be+其他 → be+ 其他 情态动词+do → to do 非 be 也非情态动词+do → doing

名词性从句简化

(一)that 引导的名词性从句的简化

  1. 主语从句 直接用动名词的复合结构来代替主语从句,放在句首作主语。
  2. 同位语从句 “名词+that 同位语从句”变成了一个动名词结构“名词+of+动名词的复合结构”。